Period poverty: The biggest public health crisis we don't talk about

The inequalities surrounding periods leave millions losing out on many of their most basic rights, from healthcare to education. Over time, these compound factors have led to what some experts have called one of the world’s biggest public health crises. 

Here’s what you need to know about period poverty — including how Concern is helping to end it.

Period poverty (also known as menstrual poverty or menstrual inequality) happens when people who menstruate don’t have regular access to safe and hygienic period products, basic sanitation services, and/or menstrual hygiene education. 

While the term is relatively new, it describes a historical and near-universal issue, one that disproportionately affects low-income individuals, communities, and countries. 

Like the name implies, period poverty is driven by income inequality and a lack of funds for basic household needs. However, that’s only part of the story. 

We could, for instance, look at the larger causes of poverty and how many of these same issues specifically influence period poverty. Conflict, climate events, and global health crises all mean lost or compromised livelihoods, along with shortages of basic essentials like pads and tampons, and ruined infrastructure. 

Inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in general is also a key factor. In areas that are underserved in this regard, many girls stay home from school during their period as they may not have safe or sufficient facilities at school. This is an issue that hits close to home: Last year’s Healthy Ireland Survey found that 24% of women (and 35% of 15-24 year-olds) have experienced at least one indicator of period poverty.

One of the biggest causes underscoring period poverty is menstrual stigma. Taboos, myths, prejudices, and shame surrounding menstruation show up in different ways around the world, from using euphemisms in everyday conversation to having a series of “purification” customs and rituals, such as forcing people to live in a menstruation hut during their cycles — a practice that is now mostly illegal but still performed. 

“The first thing that we have been taught is that periods are dirty and shouldn’t be seen,” said Kenyan senator Gloria Orwoba in 2023. In Orwoba’s jurisdiction, girls routinely skip school during their periods. (In one extreme incident, a 14-year-old girl took her own life after she stained her school uniform during her first period and was reportedly shamed by her teacher for it.) 

Menstrual stigma has other long-lasting consequences and feeds into the larger issue of gender bias in healthcare. It also reinforces more fundamental gender inequalities: Because most people who menstruate are women and girls, periods are seen as a weakness rather than a normal biological function. Period poverty and stigma help to reinforce the stereotypes of women as “hysterical” and “out of control,” prejudices that have both implicit and explicit impacts on laws and policies. 

This leads to a vicious cycle: Periods are seen as taboo, a weakness, or a private matter. Because of that, access to menstrual hygiene products is often not prioritised, even in high-income countries (Ireland is the only country in the EU to have a zero tax rate on sanitary items). 

This directly affects 1.8 billion people around the world who menstruate, but it has further-reaching implications. As mentioned above, period poverty has a direct effect on girls’ education, with more girls missing school during their cycles and not having an opportunity to make up the work. This in turn affects the earning potential for adolescents as they enter adulthood and the workforce, and creates the risk of an intergenerational cycle of poverty. This also impacts people who don’t get periods, particularly boys and men, who may be more likely to support rather than question or re-shape the gender stereotypes that uphold harmful inequalities. 

Most immediate, however, is the effect that period poverty has on people who are unable to get the hygienic supplies they need. Our bodily functions don’t start or stop based on our ability to pay for their care. People who menstruate and are unable to afford products like tampons, pads, or clean underwear often reuse soiled products, opt for substandard alternatives (such as scrap cloth or sawdust), or rely on tainted water sources. These can all lead to infections, reproductive problems, mental health issues, or even death. 

Fortunately, period poverty is a problem with a very clear solution. Epidemiologists Ashley Rapp and Sidonie Kilpatrick write: “Access to menstrual products is a right, and feeling clean, confident, and capable during one’s period is a necessity. We can all work toward menstrual equity, and the opportunities are boundless.” 

De-stigmatisation is a key factor in building menstrual equity: While many countries have stopped taxing menstrual products and outlawed harmful cultural practices (like menstruation huts), these are only a part of the problem. Attitudes need to shift — for everyone — in order to break the taboos surrounding menstruation. For example, Kenya (which removed VAT on period products in 2004) recently implemented a policy on menstrual hygiene management (MHM). The Kenyan MHM Policy seeks “to ensure that myths, taboos and stigma around menstruation are addressed by providing women, girls, men, and boys access to information on menstruation.” 

However, even putting policies in place are likewise not enough, as senator Gloria Orwoba pointed out last year, when she received multiple threats following her campaign to improve access to menstrual products. What this shows is that the solutions to period poverty have to happen continually, with ongoing efforts towards access, legislation, and education combined with evaluating and refining those efforts to ensure lasting change. 

You could also call that a cycle. 

Across sectors and countries, Concern’s programmes are all guided by a gender-transformative lens, meaning that we work to challenge underlying gender stereotypes and imbalances in order to ensure that the impacts of our work are sustainable and lasting. 

While we acknowledge that not everyone who menstruates is female (and not every female menstruates), advocating for gender equality within the healthcare sector and at the policy-making level has a direct impact on both access to menstrual healthcare and on destigmatising conversations around menstrual, sexual, and reproductive health. Our reproductive health education programmes are targeted to all genders in order to foster this equity. 

Our water, sanitation, and hygiene programmes also address the issue of access to safe and dignified facilities for adolescents, especially in schools. Our emergency responses also include providing dignity and hygiene kits that include period supplies, so that those whose lives are interrupted by crisis or conflict still have the most basic needs to stay clean, confident, and capable.